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An Instructional theory is "a theory that offers explicit guidance on how to better help people learn and develop."〔Reigeluth, C.M. (1999). What is instructional design theory? In C.M. Reigeluth (Ed.) Instructional design theories and models: A new paradigm of instructional theory (Vol. 2, pp. 5-29). Manwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.〕 Instructional theories focus on how to structure material for promoting the education of human beings, particularly youth. Originating in the United States in the late 1970s, ''instructional theory'' is typically influenced by three general influences in educational thought: the behaviorist, the cognitive, and the constructivist schools of thought. Instructional theory is heavily influenced by the 1956 work of Benjamin Bloom, a University of Chicago professor, and the results of his Taxonomy of Education Objectives — one of the first modern codifications of the learning process. One of the first instructional theorists was Robert M. Gagne, who in 1965 published ''Conditions of Learning'' for the Florida State University's Department of Educational Research. ==Definition== Instructional theory is different than learning theory. A learning theory ''describes'' how learning takes place, and an instructional theory ''prescribes'' how to better help people learn.〔 Learning theories often inform instructional theory, and three general theoretical stances take part in this influence: behaviorism (learning as response acquisition), cognitivism (learning as knowledge acquisition), and constructivism (learning as knowledge construction).〔Mayer, R. E. (1992). Cognition and instruction:O n their historic meeting within educational psychology. Journal of Educational Psychology, 84, 405-412.〕 Instructional theory helps us create conditions that increases the probability of learning.〔http://www.appliedidt.com/blog/2013/07/03/instructional-theory-versus-learning-theory/〕 == Overview == Instructional theories identify what instruction or teaching should be like. 〔 http://www.reigeluth.net/#!pubsinsttheor/c22eq 〕 It outlines strategies that an educator may adopt to achieve the learning objectives. Instructional theories are adapted based on the concept being taught and more importantly, as per the learning style of the students. They are used as an educational tool using which teachers and trainers can help a learner to learn. Instructional theories encompass different instructional models, instructional strategies and instructional methods. 〔 http://teachinglearningresources.pbworks.com/w/page/19919560/Instructional%20Approaches 〕 Instructional theory - * Is discussed in universal methods of instruction based on David Merrill's First Principles of Instruction * Is tailored according to the situation * Includes Task Space and Instructional space * Tells student how to learn a concept, apply it to different contexts with practice and immediate feedback Instructional theory should carry out 4 tasks - knowledge selection, knowledge sequence, interaction management and setting of interaction environment. Instructions can be of several types, which are generally presented as dichotomies - * Learner centered Vs. Teacher centered instruction - with respect to the focus, instruction can be based on the capability and style of the learner or the teacher * Learning by doing Vs. Teacher presenting - Students often learn more by doing rather than simply listening to instructions given by the teacher * Attainment based Vs. time based progress - The instruction can either be based on the focus on the mastery of the concept or the time spent on learning the concept * Customized Vs. standardized instruction - The instruction can be different for different learners or the instruction can be given in general to the entire classroom * Criterion referenced Vs. norm referenced instruction - Instruction related to different types of evaluations * Collaborative Vs. individual instruction - Instruction can be for a team of students or individual students * Enjoyable Vs. Unpleasant instructions - Instructions can create a pleasant learning experience or a negative one (often to enforce discipline). Teachers must take care to ensure positive experiences. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「instructional theory」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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